This organelle is also morphologically distinct, often made of tubular structures referred to as cistarnae. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is distinguished from the other parts of the endoplasmic reticulum by the absence of membrane-bound ribosomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, protein folding, protein quality control and dispatch whereas, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. Different types of cells contain different ratios of the two types of ER depending on the activities of the cell. The two ERs share many of the same proteins and engage in certain common activities such as the synthesis of certain lipids and cholesterol. The two types of endoplasmic reticulum often appear as if separate, but are sub-components of the same organelle. Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of two subunits that can be differentiated from one another based on their appearance and function. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells and spermatozoa. The Endoplasmic reticulum creates, packages and secretes many of the products created by a cell. It is made up of membraneous sheets and tubules that begin near the nucleus and extend across the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells.
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